Over the last few years, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted a considerable amount of research and record efficiency has then been quickly increasing with device performance well over 20%. Nevertheless, several challenges must be met to ensure a bright industrial future for PSCs. While few groups have been able to demonstrate large scale PSCs, most of the worldwide current research is indeed focusing on small area lab-scale devices. CEA achieved high level of performances regarding material formulations enabling low temperature processing < 150°C and the subsequent upscaling from single cells to PV modules. Using printing processes and laser ablation to structure the stack, CEA's R&D team at INES was able to demonstrate maximum efficiency up to 16% on 10 cm² under full sun (stabilized efficiencies up to 14%) with high active area ratio (> 93%).

This low temperature process is thus compatible with the development of flexible Roll-to-Roll process for large volume of production of perovskite modules at very low cost and in parallel is also compatible with the development of tandem cells based on silicon Heterojunction technology already developed within CEA at INES for highly efficient premium PV products (target > 30% of efficiency).