CEA conducts research and development activities on the entire nuclear fuel cycle, from extraction to spent fuel processing and recycling of extracted materials. This is in line with France's strategic choice of a closed cycle, broken down into three stages defined in the Multiannual Energy Programme (PPE) published in April 2020. In the short term, the use of MOX (Mixed Oxides) fuels in all pressurised water reactors (PWRs), in the medium term (by 2040) the industrialisation of multi-recycling of uranium and plutonium in PWRs, in the long term (second half of the 21st century), the complete closure of the cycle using 4th generation fast neutron reactors (RNR) and associated cycle factories. The CEA contributes, in support of the nuclear industry, to all these stages. It is continuing to develop processes for the treatment and manufacture of new fuels adapted, in particular, to the high plutonium content characteristic of RNR fuels (of the order of 25% compared with 10% in MOX fuels for PWR). In parallel, CEA is studying ways to improve the robustness of fuel cladding of PWR under accident conditions (accident tolerant fuel - ATF), particularly in terms of oxidation at high temperature, mechanical properties and melting margin.